The Important Role of US Third Parties

While their candidates for President of the United States and Congress have little chance of being elected, America’s third political parties have historically played a major role in bringing about sweeping social, cultural, and political reform. Womens Right to Vote Both the Prohibition and Socialist Parties promoted the womens suffrage movement during the late 1800s. By 1916, both Republicans and Democrats supported it and by 1920, the 19th Amendment giving women the right to vote had been ratified. Child Labor Laws The Socialist Party first advocated laws establishing minimum ages and limiting hours of work for American children in 1904. The Keating-Owen Act established such laws in 1916. Immigration Restrictions The Immigration Act of 1924 came about as a result of support by the Populist Party starting as early as the early 1890s. Reduction of Working Hours You can thank the Populist and Socialist Parties for the 40-hour work week. Their support for reduced working hours during the 1890s led to the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. Income Tax In the 1890s, the Populist and Socialist Parties supported a progressive tax system that would base a persons tax liability on their amount of income. The idea led to the ratification of the 16th Amendment in 1913. Social Security The Socialist Party also supported a fund to provide temporary compensation for the unemployed in the late 1920s. The idea led to the creation of laws establishing unemployment insurance and the Social Security Act of 1935. Tough on Crime In 1968, the American Independent Party and its presidential candidate George Wallace advocated getting tough on crime. The Republican Party adopted the idea in its platform and the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 was the result. (George Wallace won 46 electoral votes in the 1968 election. This was the highest number of electoral votes collected by a third party candidate since Teddy Roosevelt, running for the Progressive Party in 1912, won  a total of  88 votes.) America’s First Political Parties The Founding Fathers wanted the American federal government and its inevitable politics to remain non-partisan. As a result, the U.S. Constitution makes no mention whatsoever of political parties. In Federalist Papers No. 9 and No. 10, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, respectively refer to the dangers of political factions they had observed in the British government. America’s first president, George Washington, never joined a political party and warned against the stagnation and conflict they can cause in his Farewell Address. â€Å"However [political parties] may now and then answer popular ends, they are likely in the course of time and things, to become potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious, and unprincipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the people and to usurp for themselves the reins of government, destroying afterwards the very engines which have lifted them to unjust dominion.† — George Washington, Farewell Address, September 17, 1796 However, it was Washington’s own closest advisers who spawned the American political party system. Hamilton and Madison, despite writing against political factions in the Federalist Papers, became the core leaders of the first two functional opposing political parties. Hamilton emerged as the leader of the Federalists, who favored a strong central government, while Madison and Thomas Jefferson led the Anti-Federalists, who stood for a smaller, less-powerful central government. It was the early battles between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists that spawned the environment of partisanship that now dominates all levels of American government.   Leading Modern Third Parties While the following is far from all of the recognized third parties in American politics, the Libertarian, Reform, Green, and Constitution Parties are usually the most active in presidential elections. Libertarian Party Founded in 1971, the Libertarian party is the third largest political party in America. Over the years, Libertarian Party candidates have been elected to many state and local offices. Libertarians believe the  federal government  should play a minimal role in the day-to-day affairs of the people. They believe that the only appropriate role of government is to protect the citizens from acts of physical force or fraud. A libertarian-style government would, therefore, limit itself to a police, court, prison system and military. Members support the free market economy and are dedicated to the protection of civil liberties and individual freedom. Reform Party In 1992, Texan H. Ross Perot spent over $60 million of his own money to run for president as an independent. Perots national organization, known as United We Stand America succeeded in getting Perot on the ballot in all 50 states. Perot won 19 percent of the vote in November, the best result for a third party candidate in 80 years. Following the 1992 election, Perot and United We Stand America organized into the Reform Party. Perot again ran for president as the Reform Party candidate in 1996 winning 8.5 percent of the vote. As its name implies, Reform Party members are dedicated to reforming the American political system. They support candidates they feel will re-establish trust in government by displaying high ethical standards coupled with fiscal responsibility and accountability. Green Party The American Green Partys platform is based on the following 10 Key Values: Ecological wisdomCommunity-based economicsGrassroots democracyDecentralizationGender equalityPersonal and social responsibilityRespect for diversityNonviolenceGlobal responsibility Greens seek to restore balance through recognizing that our planet and all of life are unique aspects of an integrated whole, and also through affirming the significant inherent values and contribution of each part of that whole. The Green Party - Hawaii Constitution Party In 1992, American Taxpayer Party presidential candidate Howard Phillips appeared on the ballot in 21 states. Mr. Phillips again ran in 1996, achieving ballot access in 39 states. At its national convention in 1999, the party officially changed its name to the Constitution Party and again chose Howard Phillips as its presidential candidate for 2000. The Constitution Party favors a government based on a strict interpretation of the U.S. Constitution and the principals expressed in it by the Founding Fathers. They support a government limited in scope, structure, and power of regulation over the people. Under this goal, the Constitution Party favors a return of most governmental powers to the states, communities and the people.

The Effects Of Fossil Fuel Energy On The Environment And...

In the last decades energy consumption has come to a time where people started noticing the climate changes and the effect of fossil fuel energy for not only being environmentally destructive, but also causing Global warming (the warming that occurs as a result of increase emissions of greenhouse gases) has become a very big issue worldwide. The fossil fuels (Oil, Coal, and Natural Gas) which is the main sources of the world’s energy sources, is also one of the main causes of the climate change. In addition with some human activities (e.g. through burning fossil fuels), they have contributed immensely to the global warming, which has also affected the climate conditions in the world. The affect of these changes has prompted some people to propose alternative energy like solar panels. According to Abby Gruen, after realizing the issues, the engineers at Bell Laboratories come up with the first useful photovoltaic cell, an alternative to fossil fuel energy but less harmful for t he environment and the pocket. Solar panel which uses renewable energy like the sun to light homes heat and produces electricity. Unlike fossil fuel, solar panels is less harmful for the environment. Since it creation few decades ego, just recently solar panel started getting popular in homes in the United States and around the world. When it was invented people were not interested about it, because of the high installation price, however the price has changed dramatically since then. Even thoughShow MoreRelatedSolar Energy : Solar Panels999 Words   |  4 PagesSolar Energy: Solar Panels In the last decades energy consumption has come to a time where people started noticing the climate changes and the effect of fossil fuel energy for not only being environmentally destructive but also causing Global warming (the warming that occurs as a result of increase emissions of greenhouse gases) has become a very big issue worldwide. The fossil fuels (Oil, Coal, and Natural Gas) which is the main sources of the world’s energy sources have negative natural emissionsRead MoreSolar Energy : Solar Panels961 Words   |  4 PagesSolar Energy: Solar Panels In the last decades energy consumption have come to a time where people started noticing the climate changes and the effect of fossil fuel energy for been environmentally destructive, by producing pollutions and other effect. 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Viewpoint of Complex Adaptive Systems †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Viewpoint of Complex Adaptive Systems. Answer: Introduction: Scope creep refers to the situation where, additional requirements from the clients can make the expansion of the project (Sarosa and Tatnall 2015). In most cases the requirements provided in the scope creep are not pre defined in the initial requirement stage of the project. An example can define the situation of scope creep clearly. In a project of developing the online ticket booing system certain requirements are provided by the clients to the developers. The clients can add more specification like adding extra link for the time checking or changing the view a certain user view of the ticket. These modifications are not a part of initial requirements, but the developers have to work on those modifications as per the requirement of the client. Sometimes the scope creep can occur in case of choosing technologies also. The developers can realize the usefulness of a new technology in the middle of developing a project using certain technology (Janssen, Van Der and van Veenstra 2015). In this case the changes are made accordingly. In the railway reservation system development, the scope creep was to change the user vie of the ticket. This task was manageable, which means the developers can modify the code to change the user view of the ticket. The addition of the extra link for time checking was not possible at that stage of the project as that modification can lead to change the major structural change of the whole project. Ways to avoid the scope creep: In order to avoid the scope creep the requirements should be clear from the clients side, whereas the developers should understand the requirements clearly (Snyder 2014). In this case, the clear understanding between the client and the developers about the requirements are needed to be done. Determination of the technique for handling the change of control is also useful for the prevention of scope creep. The identification of the types of changes that can be possible to make are needed to be evaluated in the beginning of the project. Sometimes the scope creep can help to improvise the project (Madhuri, Suma and Mokashi 2018). In case of railway reservation system the changing of the view of ticket helps to present the product in a more proper way. The addition of the extra link for time checking can improvise the project. However, that can not be done due to the technical reason. Sometimes scope creep enables the option of considering the use of new technologies in the development. References Janssen, M., Van Der Voort, H. and van Veenstra, A.F., 2015. Failure of large transformation projects from the viewpoint of complex adaptive systems: Management principles for dealing with project dynamics.Information Systems Frontiers,17(1), pp.15-29. Madhuri, K.L., Suma, V. and Mokashi, U.M., 2018. A triangular perception of scope creep influencing the project success.International Journal of Business Information Systems,27(1), pp.69-85. Sarosa, S. and Tatnall, A., 2015. Failure to launch: Scope creep and other causes of failure from an actor-network theory perspective.International Journal of Actor-Network Theory and Technological Innovation (IJANTTI),7(4), pp.1-13. Snyder, C.S., 2014. A guide to the project management body of knowledge: PMBOK () guide.Project Management Institute: Newtown Square, PA, USA.

Two Versions of Romeo and Juliet Comparison Essay Example

Two Versions of Romeo and Juliet Comparison Essay We have watched two versions of Romeo and Juliet. We have to investigate the difference between the opening sequences of them both. One was made in 1968 by a man called Franco Zeffirelli and was set in Verona, Italy, in the middle Ages. The other film was by a man named Baz Luhrmann; he made this film in 1996. This version was set in America and is very modern. The opening scene of any film is extremely important because it can play a major role in establishing key elements throughout the rest of the film. The beginning of a film gives the first impression to the audience so it is very important to get right. Romeo and Juliet is a romantic tragedy by the famous writer William Shakespeare. The story is based on two young people who fall in love with each other. The trouble thing is that their families are enemies. Romeo the boy that comes from a family called the Montagues and Juliet, (only 13) comes from a family called the Capulets. The Montague family and the Capulet family detest each other. So Romeo and Juliet realising their family hating each other they decide not to tell their parents of their love for each other. The Luhrmann version starred Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes. Both these actors were already famous established actors. They are very well known, this must have added to the popularity of the film as both actors are considered as idols and sex symbols. The stars in the Zeffirelli version were Olivia Hussey and Leonard Whiting. Both these actors were completely unknown. By picking unknown actors of the streets it show that Zeffirelli wanted to show the youth of Romeo and Juliet and make it more realistic to the audience. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Versions of Romeo and Juliet Comparison specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Two Versions of Romeo and Juliet Comparison specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Two Versions of Romeo and Juliet Comparison specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The problem that faced Baz Luhrmann when he was directing the new version of Romeo and Juliet was that he didnt know whether there would be an audience for Shakespearean stories in a modern culture. So Luhrmann didnt make this film with the old-fashioned, Shakespeare purist in mind. Instead, by using lively, modern images with a modern rock soundtrack and young good-looking popular actors, he has taken Romeo and Juliet to an audience that would normally think of Shakespeare as a boring subject that they were forced to study at school. He put an old story in a completely modern setting and it worked extremely well. Baz Luhrmanns version was very modern. You could see that some of his main influences were from the very popular music channel MTV. Baz Luhrmann worked for MTV; this is a 20th century music channel, which uses fast, rapid shots and cinematography. Luhrmann portrays these techniques and his skills in using them to influence the opening scene of the film. By using very fast editing of pictures and introducing the characters like a soap opera it make s the audience more familiar with the film because we see it on our TVs everyday. Baz Luhrmann trained at the prestigious National Institute of Dramatic Arts in Sydney; Luhrmann has worked as an actor, director, and producer. The Prologue was used in the play as a way for people to know what was going to happen if they should miss sections and so they could get the general gist of it. In the modern film adaptation the Prologue plays a huge part at the beginning of the film. It is played 3 times over. Once by the news reporter on the televis ion, again on signs around Verona City, and again as text flashing on the screen. In the film the prologue is used to wet peoples appetite and get them interested and exited- loud powerful music and action during the prologue do this effectively. The director has also done the clever thing of making each scene contrast from the previous and the next. This juxtaposition not only makes the film more exiting to watch, but can highlight differences in peoples feelings and actions, and how it can effect others. A point where this can be seen is after Romeo and Juliet have been married, a scene of much joy and hope is contrasted sharply with the following more violent scene. In this scene Mercutio is killed by Tybalt, a scene where there is a raging sea and no sign of hope, and it is apparent that their marriage isnt going to work out at all. Baz Luhrmann also makes many references to the person who wrote the play- Shakespeare. The pool Hall where Romeo and his friends hang out is called the Globe Theatre, all the guns used are called Swords, it is almost like he is trying to pay a tribute to the writer. At the beginning of Baz Luhrmanns version of Romeo and Juliet, we see a black female news reporter presenting to us the prologue as a news report. Firstly the news reporter is female, in 1968 women were not as independent as they are nowadays they had some rights but it was unlikely that a women would be presenting the news. This breaks all the stereotypical views of men and women and also introduces the 21st century ways of equality. The news report shows us the effectiveness of media. Secondly, the news reporter was black this is something that would have been unheard of at this time. There is a picture of a broken ring in the corner of the television screen. The broken ring in the background symbolises the two families and their feud. We then enter Verona beach via the television screen, where the prologue is then repeated to us with the images and the quotes.The camera zooms in and out of the shot with the words in fair Verona in between each shot. The harsh music in the background increases the tension and heightens the drama. It makes the audiences want to keep on watching and find out more. It cuts from a black background straight to a close up of Jesus head, making religious features remain in the viewers mind. We see the statue of Jesus in between the twin towers, symbolising that Jesus is a referee between the two families. There is also a lot of religious imagery keeping with the original story set in Verona, Italy, a catholic country. The twin towers represent the two families both alike in status and in wealth. The familys feud is secured in the minds of the audience with lots of fast movement and editing of the Virgin Mary, police, cars, Verona beach, helicopters, businesses and dead bodies. There is a backdrop of religion, money and hate. This montage of imagery sets the scene for the audience. Characters are introduced like in a 20th century soap opera. Quotes from the prologue into a visual form helps the audiences view and supports their understanding of the play. More quick edits of television reports, magazines and newspapers implying that media is very important. The harsh, fast, dramatic music fades into modern 21st century music to begin the play. Music is a big factor that heightens the opening scene of Luhrmanns Romeo and Juliet. This is motivated from Luhrmanns experiences at MTV. The music is dramatic and encourages the audience to continue watching the film. It is played throughout the opening scen e. The music slowly fades into modern rock music and the first scene has begun. Zeffirelli was an actor before he started directing films. He was especially successful for costume designing and for operas and stage plays. His version of Romeo and Juliet was more traditional and the costumes that were used also influenced the style of the film. You can immediately see that Zeffirellis past experiences influenced this film a lot. His version of the film has a strong operatic feel. As soon as Zeffirellis version is played you get the impression that this film is quite old and very traditional. In Zeffirellis version we see a picture, which is presumed to be Verona, the original setting for Romeo and Juliet, the picture is quite faint is difficult to make out what is in it. The picture has a border around it. We hear reminiscent medieval music, which is well suited with the picture, it is quite slow. We soon hear a voiceover of the prologue and the camera zooming in and out of the sun. There is suddenly a change of scene to the town wall. A dramatic sound is played and the colour brightens and the noise level increases. The film is then more vibrant. It is a very simple opening. But this was standard technology in then days. It has clearly been shown that Luhrmanns opening sequence of Romeo and Juliet is more appealing and time consuming. This is due to the increase in modern technology. Zeferrelli was not able to use all the technology that Luhrmann could use, as that type of technology was not available at the time of Zefferillis production of Romeo and Juliet. Although high-tech technology wasnt available 30 years ago, basic technology was, so Zefferilli made use of this technology and achieved an Oscar for this film. Zefferellis opening scene is much slower in contrast to the fast and furious opening of Luhrmanns version. Zeffirellis opening was set in a market square whereas Luhrmanns opening was in a petrol station. Although technology was limited 30 years ago the editing and the effects were somewhat lacking in the Zeffirelli version compared to Luhrmann version. At the beginning of both of the films, there is a prologue to the play. A prologue introduces a play and sums up what is going to happen. The prologue in both the Luhrmanns version and Zefferillis is presented very differently. Luhrmanns presented with a newsreader whereas Zefferillis is a man with a deep voice giving a voice over. Black female presents the prologue in Luhrmanns version as a news report. Whereas in Zeffirellis version it is presented by a man in with a very deep voice. He presents the prologue in a very slow and dreary way. This goes well with the pan shot of Verona, which is very dark and looks quite dreary. A newsreader is saying the prologue of Romeo and Juliet. The newsreader then fades out and the viewer is shown empires, belonging to the Capulets and Montagues. This is meant to show you that the two families are both alike in dignity and in wealth. In Zeffirellis film, we are simply told this and lead to believe it. In Luhrmanns version we get a more detailed insight to the story we see clips from the film and we meet the characters. In Zeffirellis we are left to wonder what is going to happen in the film. I think both techniques work well. Zeffirellis technique makes the audience want to carry on watching because they are interested in the film. Luhrmanns technique gives the audience just enough previews to make them want to carry on watching to see what is going to happen, but not too much to give away the plot. Personally I preferred Luhrmanns version of Romeo and Juliet because it was more dramatic it made you want to carry on watching it. Whereas the Zeffirelli version was very long and dreary to start off with. I think it puts the audience off a bit. I think with Zeffirelli version only Shakespeare fans will want to watch it because it is a lot like the play. Whereas the Luhrmann version, everyone can get into because it has a lot of aspects that suit everyone. I am more used to seeing the ways the images are presented in his film in my everyday television programs so I was put off watching it I didnt find it boring or get drawn out of watching it. Whereas because of the lack of technology it makes the Zeffirelli version look boring to my generation. The Luhrmann version however will appeal to everyone. In conclusion, I think that the original text had to be edited in some way for to have worked as a film, especially as it was aimed at teenagers. Despite the heavy editing at some points during the play, and some scenes edited out to make the film, I dont feel that I have had any major understanding detracted, or indeed added. However, if I hadnt read the original text before I watched the film then I agree that I may have taken what I saw as being how William Shakespeare originally wrote the play. Especially since there is no hint of information at any point in the film that it is from an edited text. It even says on the front cover of the video and on posters etc. for the Luhrmann adaptation that it is William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet. This was probably done so that no-one would think that Baz Luhrmann is trying to take credit for the play itself, however it could be confusing.